一般來(lái)說(shuō)，對(duì)于以產(chǎn)甲烷為主要目的的厭氧過(guò)程要求pH值在6.5~8.0之間，廢水堿度偏低或運(yùn)行負(fù)荷過(guò)高時(shí)，會(huì)引起反應(yīng)器內(nèi)揮發(fā)酸積累，導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)甲烷菌活力喪失而產(chǎn)酸菌大量繁殖，持續(xù)過(guò)久時(shí)，會(huì)導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)甲烷菌活力喪失殆盡而產(chǎn)乙酸菌大量繁殖，引起反應(yīng)器系統(tǒng)的“酸化”。嚴(yán)重酸化發(fā)生后，反應(yīng)器難以恢復(fù)至原有狀態(tài)。
Generally speaking, for the anaerobic process with the main purpose of methanogenesis, the pH value is required to be between 6.5 and 8.0. When the wastewater alkalinity is low or the operation load is too high, it will cause the accumulation of volatile acid in the reactor, resulting in the loss of methanogenic bacteria activity and the proliferation of acidogenic bacteria. If it continues for too long, it will cause the loss of methanogenic bacteria activity and the proliferation of acetic acid producing bacteria, causing the degradation of the reactor system“ Acidification ". After serious acidification, it is difficult for the reactor to return to its original state.
“酸化”：①沼氣產(chǎn)量下降;②沼氣中甲烷含量降低;③消化液VFA增高;④有機(jī)物去除率下降;⑤消化液pH值下降;⑥碳酸鹽堿度與總堿度之間的差值明顯增加;⑦洗出的顆粒污泥顏色變淺沒(méi)有光澤;⑧反應(yīng)器出水產(chǎn)生明顯異味;⑨ORP(氧化還原電位)值上升等。
"Acidification": ① decrease of biogas production; ② decrease of methane content in biogas; ③ increase of VFA in digested liquid; ④ decrease of organic matter removal rate; ⑤ decrease of pH value of digested liquid; ⑥ obvious increase of difference between carbonate alkalinity and total alkalinity; ⑦ lightening and tarnishing of washed granular sludge; Ⅷ obvious peculiar smell in reactor effluent; Ⅸ increase of ORP value, etc.
厭氧反應(yīng)器酸化的原因
Causes of acidification in anaerobic reactor
1、厭氧反應(yīng)器超負(fù)荷運(yùn)行
1. Overload operation of anaerobic reactor
我們都知道，在運(yùn)行厭氧反應(yīng)器的各項(xiàng)工藝控制條件中，污泥負(fù)荷是一個(gè)非常重要的控制參數(shù)。污泥負(fù)荷是指單位時(shí)間內(nèi)施加給單位質(zhì)量厭氧污泥的有機(jī)物的量，以kgSCOD/kgVS.d表示。對(duì)于某種廢水，厭氧污泥具有一個(gè)限制值，當(dāng)運(yùn)行的負(fù)荷超過(guò)該限制值，則意味著超負(fù)荷運(yùn)行。
As we all know, sludge load is a very important control parameter in various process control conditions of anaerobic reactor. Sludge load refers to the amount of organic matter applied to anaerobic sludge per unit mass in unit time, expressed in kgscod / kgvs. D. For a certain wastewater, anaerobic sludge has a limit value. When the operating load exceeds the limit value, it means overload operation.
雖然該限制值從污泥負(fù)荷的概念上理解是針對(duì)整個(gè)厭氧污泥，實(shí)際上真正的對(duì)象是針對(duì)厭氧污泥中的產(chǎn)甲烷菌。超負(fù)荷運(yùn)行，實(shí)際上就是負(fù)荷量超過(guò)了厭氧污泥中產(chǎn)甲烷菌的產(chǎn)甲烷能力，而此時(shí)的負(fù)荷量往往并沒(méi)有超過(guò)厭氧污泥的水解酸化能力。所以就出現(xiàn)了反應(yīng)器的VFA開(kāi)始累積，濃度不斷上升，出水pH值降低，去除效率下降這種污泥酸化現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生。
Although the limit value from the concept of sludge load is for the whole anaerobic sludge, in fact, the real object is for methanogens in anaerobic sludge. In fact, overload operation means that the load exceeds the methanogenic capacity of methanogens in anaerobic sludge, while the load does not exceed the hydrolytic acidification capacity of anaerobic sludge. So the VFA of the reactor began to accumulate, the concentration increased, the pH value of the effluent decreased, and the removal efficiency decreased.
所以，了解厭氧反應(yīng)器的污泥總量，并以此來(lái)維持合理的運(yùn)行負(fù)荷，是預(yù)防厭氧反應(yīng)器出現(xiàn)酸化的重要手段之一。
Therefore, understanding the total amount of sludge in anaerobic reactor and maintaining reasonable operation load is one of the important means to prevent acidification in anaerobic reactor.
2、pH值、溫度等運(yùn)行控制條件出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重偏差
2. Serious deviation occurred in pH value, temperature and other operation control conditions
由于厭氧污泥中產(chǎn)甲烷菌對(duì)其生存條件的要求比水解酸化菌苛刻的多，所以當(dāng)反應(yīng)器的pH值或溫度的控制范圍出現(xiàn)很大的偏差，就會(huì)使產(chǎn)甲烷菌的產(chǎn)甲烷能力受到嚴(yán)重影響，而水解酸化菌所受到的影響卻遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)小于產(chǎn)甲烷菌，其結(jié)果同樣會(huì)導(dǎo)致厭氧反應(yīng)器發(fā)生酸化現(xiàn)象。
Because the requirements of anaerobic sludge methanogens on their living conditions are much more stringent than those of hydrolytic acidification bacteria, when the pH value or temperature control range of the reactor deviates greatly, the methanogenic ability of methanogens will be seriously affected, while the influence of hydrolytic acidification bacteria is far less than that of methanogens, which will also lead to the acidification of anaerobic reactor Elephant.
3、毒性物質(zhì)流入
3. Inflow of toxic substances
厭氧污泥相比與好氧活性污泥，更容易受到毒性物質(zhì)的抑制。和上述兩點(diǎn)所闡明的一樣，事實(shí)上更容易受到毒性物質(zhì)抑制的也是厭氧污泥中的產(chǎn)甲烷菌而非水解酸化菌。當(dāng)廢水中含有某種或多種毒性物質(zhì)，其濃度還不足以嚴(yán)重抑制厭氧污泥中的水解酸化菌時(shí)，產(chǎn)甲烷菌就已經(jīng)受到抑制，污泥酸化現(xiàn)象就隨之發(fā)生。
Compared with aerobic activated sludge, anaerobic sludge is more easily inhibited by toxic substances. In fact, methanogens in anaerobic sludge are more susceptible to toxic substances than hydrolytic Acidifiers. When the wastewater contains some or more toxic substances, the concentration of which is not enough to seriously inhibit the hydrolysis acidification bacteria in anaerobic sludge, the methanogens have been inhibited, and the sludge acidification phenomenon will occur.
因此，應(yīng)對(duì)污染源可能存在的毒性抑制物進(jìn)行排查，并建立污染物排放源和污水站之間的事故排放通報(bào)機(jī)制，和潛在的毒性物質(zhì)日常監(jiān)測(cè)機(jī)制，是防止此類厭氧反應(yīng)器酸化事故的有效應(yīng)對(duì)措施。
Therefore, it is an effective measure to investigate the toxic inhibitors that may exist in the pollution source, establish the accident discharge notification mechanism between the pollutant discharge source and the sewage station, and establish the daily monitoring mechanism of potential toxic substances.
4、營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽投加嚴(yán)重不足
4. There is a serious shortage of nutrients
對(duì)于某些缺乏諸如N、P或其他微量元素的廢水，投加足量的營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽非常必要。因?yàn)閰捬跷勰嘀袩o(wú)論是產(chǎn)甲烷菌還是水解酸化菌，都需要這些元素進(jìn)行新陳代謝以及合成細(xì)胞物質(zhì)。
It is necessary to add enough nutrients to some waste water which lacks n, P or other trace elements. Both methanogens and hydrolytic Acidifiers need these elements to metabolize and synthesize cell substances in anaerobic sludge.
當(dāng)廢水中的某種或多種營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素缺乏時(shí)，將會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響產(chǎn)甲烷菌的活性。這是因?yàn)椋瑢?duì)厭氧污泥，尤其是厭氧顆粒污泥來(lái)說(shuō)，產(chǎn)甲烷菌位于顆粒污泥的部位，水解酸化菌則包裹在產(chǎn)甲烷菌的外圍，水解酸化菌較產(chǎn)甲烷菌更容易獲得這些元素來(lái)進(jìn)行新陳代謝，再加之水解酸化菌的生殖速率又遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于產(chǎn)甲烷菌，使得廢水中原本不足的營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素被水解酸化菌利用殆盡，而產(chǎn)甲烷菌得不到這些必要的元素進(jìn)行生命活動(dòng)，其活性會(huì)受到很大的抑制。其結(jié)果是，反應(yīng)器的酸化不可避免。
The activity of methanogens will be seriously affected when one or more nutrients are deficient in wastewater. This is because for anaerobic sludge, especially for anaerobic granular sludge, methanogens are located in the center of granular sludge, while hydrolytic acidification bacteria are wrapped around methanogens. Hydrolytic acidification bacteria are more likely to obtain these elements for metabolism than methanogens. In addition, the reproductive rate of hydrolytic acidification bacteria is much higher than methanogens, which makes the waste water insufficient The nutrient elements are used up by hydrolytic acidification bacteria, but the activity of methanogens will be greatly inhibited if they can not get these essential elements for life activities. As a result, acidification of the reactor is inevitable.
酸化”恢復(fù)措施
Recovery measures of acidification
1、降低負(fù)荷
1. Reduce the load
反應(yīng)器發(fā)生“酸化”的主要原因是產(chǎn)甲烷菌被抑制，而厭氧反應(yīng)器的容積負(fù)荷是由污泥負(fù)荷決定的，甲烷菌活性降低，直接反映了污泥負(fù)荷的下降。所以在發(fā)生“酸化”時(shí)應(yīng)及時(shí)控制進(jìn)水，情況嚴(yán)重時(shí)應(yīng)完全停止進(jìn)水。
The main reason of "acidification" is the inhibition of methanogens. The volume load of anaerobic reactor is determined by the sludge load. The decrease of methanogens activity directly reflects the decrease of sludge load. Therefore, the influent should be controlled in time when acidification occurs, and the influent should be stopped completely when the situation is serious.
2、投加堿度
2. Adding alkalinity
厭氧反應(yīng)器“酸化”時(shí)，可以向反應(yīng)器中投加堿度中和過(guò)高的VFA來(lái)維持pH值的穩(wěn)定，保證產(chǎn)甲烷菌的生存環(huán)境，防止嚴(yán)重“酸化”。NaHCO3、Na2CO3、NaOH、Ca(OH)2等都是常用來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)堿度的化學(xué)藥劑，雖然投加NaOH或者Ca(OH)2等強(qiáng)堿性物質(zhì)能夠快速提高反應(yīng)器內(nèi)的pH值，但是氫氧化物會(huì)消耗產(chǎn)甲烷過(guò)程中所需的CO2，破壞產(chǎn)甲烷的進(jìn)行，對(duì)產(chǎn)甲烷菌的恢復(fù)不利，因此不宜采用NaOH和Ca(OH)2。
When the anaerobic reactor is acidified, VFA with high alkalinity neutralization can be added to the reactor to maintain the stability of pH value, ensure the living environment of methanogens and prevent serious acidification. NaHCO3, Na2CO3, NaOH, Ca (OH) 2 are commonly used to adjust the alkalinity of the chemical agents. Although the addition of NaOH or Ca (OH) 2 and other strong alkaline substances can quickly improve the pH value in the reactor, but the hydroxide will consume the CO2 required in the process of methanogenesis, destroy the process of methanogenesis, and is not conducive to the recovery of methanogenic bacteria, so NaOH and Ca (OH) 2 should not be used.
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2021-02-26
